Learning Outcomes
Context Structure Attitudes
Context
1 Demonstrate understanding of the context in which the consultation happens.
With patients this means:
   Recognising that patients are diverse: that their behaviour and attitudes vary, for example, by age, gender, ethnicity, social background and as individuals
   Responding flexibly to the needs and expectations of different individuals
   Understanding the process by which patients decide to consult, and how this can affect consulting outcomes
   Recognising the GP’s roles and responsibilities towards the patient
   Negotiating a shared understanding of the problem and its management with the patient, so that he or she is empowered to look after his or her own health
   Demonstrating commitment to health promotion, while recognising the potential tension between this role and the patient’s own agenda
   Managing the potential conflicts between personal health needs, evidence-based practice and public health responsibilities.
With the patient’s relatives, friends and supporters this means:
   Recognising that episodes of illness may affect more than merely the patient
   Understanding the patient’s right to confidentiality
   Negotiating whether and how relatives and others might be involved.
With other professional colleagues this means:
   Working successfully as a member of the primary care team
   Working successfully with colleagues in secondary care and elsewhere
   Working successfully with a range of other professionals such as Social Services
   In all cases, recognising that ‘working successfully’ involves:
  understanding the role of professional colleagues, and where their expertise lies
  drawing on this expertise as appropriate
  treating colleagues with consideration and respect
  understanding interprofessional boundaries with regard to clinical responsibility and confidentiality.
Structure
2 Demonstrate understanding of the structure of the consultation.
Demonstrating familiarity with the common models of the consultation that have been proposed and how these models can be used to reflect on previous consultations in order to shape future consulting behaviour.
Demonstrating in the consultation:
an awareness that consultations have a clinical, a psychological and a social component, with the relevance of each component varying from consultation to consultation (this is the ‘triaxial’ model of the consultation proposed by the RCGP)
an ability to deploy successfully the characteristics represented by the MRCGP assessment criteria
an ability to use techniques to limit consultation length when appropriate.
Recognising that achieving a successful overall structure involves appropriate use of communication skills, and therefore:
demonstrate in the consultation an appropriate use of the skills typically associated with good doctor–patient communication (see for example Silverman et al.6 and Maguire and Pitceathly8)
demonstrate in the consultation an ability to adapt communication skills to meet patient needs.
Demonstrating the ability to formulate appropriate diagnoses, rule out serious illness and manage clinical uncertainty.
Demonstrating effective use of patient records (electronic or paper) during the consultation to facilitate high-quality patient care.
Demonstrating effective use of time and resources during the consultation.
Recognising how consultations conducted via remote media (telephone and email) differ from face-to-face consultations, and demonstrating skills that can compensate for these differences.
Attitudes
3 Demonstrate awareness that good consultation requires good professional attitudes.
Demonstrating familiarity with basic concepts in medical ethics such as confidentiality, consent, resource allocation and truth telling, by:
     demonstrating an ability to reflect on how particular clinical decisions      have been informed by these concepts
     understanding the need to share information with patients in an      honest and unbiased manner, in order to educate patients about their      health (doctor as teacher)
     demonstrating ethically sound practice in consultation performance.
Demonstrating an understanding of the importance of good professional behaviour, and how it is manifest in successful consultations, for instance by:
     demonstrating respect for patients, colleagues and others
     demonstrating good team working skills – encouraging and assisting      colleagues
     keeping accurate, legible and contemporaneous records
     making timely and appropriate referrals, using relevant information
     good time-keeping.
Demonstrating an understanding of the importance of reflective practice for good consultation technique by:
     recognising the limits of one’s own abilities and expertise
     undertaking self-appraisal through such things as reflective logs and      video recordings of consultations, and seeking out opportunities for      educational development based on this
     recognising, monitoring and managing personal emotions arising from      the consultation
     recognising how personal emotions, lifestyle and ill-health can affect      consultation performance and the doctor–patient relationship (this is      important not just to achieve good single consultations but to achieve      good continuity of psychological care).